Abstract In this paper, the criminal admonition procedures of Portugal and Spain are examined and the reason why of their scarce practical application is analyzed. For each of those procedures, after a description and a brief critical assessment of them, based on the doctrine of both countries, an attempt is made to establish some reasons that may explain why they are not widely used. The work ends with some brief final considerations, in which those reasons are synthesized and it is affirmed that the situation of said procedures demonstrates that the “importation” of successful institutions of foreign criminal procedural systems does not ensure that their application in the own system is also successful.

Resumen En este trabajo se examinan los procedimientos penales monitorios de Portugal y España y se analiza el porqué de su escasa aplicación práctica. Para cada uno de aquellos procedimientos, tras una descripción y una breve valoración crítica de los mismos, basadas principalmente en doctrina de ambos países, se intenta establecer algunas razones que puedan explicar el porqué de su poca aplicación. El trabajo termina con unas breves consideraciones finales, en las que se sintetizan aquellas razones y se afirma que la situación de dichos procedimientos demuestra que la “importación” de instituciones exitosas de sistemas procesales penales foráneos no asegura que su aplicación en el propio sistema también sea exitosa.

Bifidobacteria are predominant in the lumen of the large intestine and confer various health benefits on the host. They are also used in the preparation of new fermented milks (bioyogurts) or added to conventional yogurt to generate probiotic effects. The colonization of the gut by bacteria tends to be host specific due partly to the way in which bacteria adhere to the intestinal wall. Using a homologous strain of Bifidobacterium animalis in an experimental mouse model, we analyzed by immunofluorescence labelled-bacteria and transmission electronic microscopy the importance of this bacterial interaction with epithelial an immune cells associated to the gut, and the effect of feeding of B. animalis in the immune response. It was able to adhere and interact with both small and large intestine. In spite of this interaction with the gut, no modifications in the immune state (secretory or systemic response) were observed. A heterologous strain of Bifidobacterium adolescentis from human faeces, was neither uncapable of binding to the intestine, nor influence the immune system activation, when it was administered during 2, 5 or 7 consecutive days; we believe that using a homologous strain, oral tolerance is developed even when the microorganism interacts with the immune cells associated with the intestine. However, we cannot ignore the beneficial effect of these microorganisms, especially in the prevention of intestinal infections. We think that this property exerted by bifidobacteria is more related to other mechanisms such as competitive inhibition, acid production or others, than enhancement of the immune state.

La administración de un producto lácteo conteniendo Lactobacillus casei y Lactobacillus acidophilus fue usada como terapia probiótica para diarrea crónica en 170 niños cuyas edades estaban comprendidas entre 4 meses y 4 años. El tiempo promedio de duración de diarrea en estos niños, antes del tratamiento probiótico, era de 50 días. Los síntomas clínicos se eliminaron al cabo de 4 días de terapia probiótica y ninguno de los pacientes incurrió nuevamente en diarrea hasta el final del estudio. Los recuentos bacterianos en heces sugirieron que los lactobacilos probióticos habían normalizado la flora láctica intestinal. El producto lácteo fermentado ensayado en este trabajo puede ser considerado un alimento beneficioso.

A probiotic therapy based on the administration of a dairy product containing Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus was used against chronic diarrhea of 170 infants aging from 4 months - 4 years. The mean period during which the children suffered from diarrhea before the start of the probiotic treatment was of about 50 days. After 4 days of therapy the clinical symptoms had been eliminated. Until the end of the study none of the patients suffered a relapse. Bacterial counts in the feces suggested that the probiotic lactobacilli had restored the normal intestinal lactobacillus flora. The fermented product tested in this work can be considered a beneficial food.

A administração de um produto lácteo contendo Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus foi usada como terapia probiótica para diarréia crônica em 170 crianças cujas idades estavam compreendidas entre 4 meses e 4 anos. O tempo médio de duração de diarréia nestas crianças, antes do tratamento probiótico, era de 50 dias. Os sintomas clínicos foram eliminados em 4 dias de terapia probiótica e nenhum dos pacientes incorreu novamente em diarréia até o final do estudo. As contagens bacterianas em fezes constataram que os lactobacilos probióticos haviam normalizado a flora láctica intestinal. O produto lácteo fermentado testado neste trabalho pode ser considerado um alimento com muitos benefícios.

En este trabajo se desarrolla una microtécnica para la identificación de bacterias lácticas y bacterias enteropatogénicas. Los resultados fueron comparados con los obtenidos por el método convencional. Se logró una reducción del volumen final y del tiempo de incubación para el estudio de fermentación de azúcares y otras propiedades bioquímicas en comparación con el ensayo tradicional. La correlación obtenida entre el ensayo en microplaca y el método convencional fue superior al 90%. La preparación de las microplacas con los diferentes reactivos pueden ser conservadas bajo condiciones de refrigeración durante 30 días antes de su empleo. La microtécnica puede ser considerada como un método sencillo, rápido y económico.

In this work a microtechnique for the identification of lactic acid and enteropathogenic bacteria is proposed. Results obtained were compared with those from the conventional method. The final volume and the incubation time for studying sugar fermentation and other biochemical properties were reduced when compared with traditional tests. The correlation between the microplate test and the conventional method is more than 90%. The preparation of microplates with reagents can be stored under refrigeration 30 days before use. The microtechnique could be considered an easy, swift and thrifty method.

Neste trabalho se desenvolve uma microtécnica para a identificação de bactérias lácticas e bactérias enteropatogênicas. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pelo método convencional. Foi conseguida a redução do volume final e do tempo de incubação para o estudo de fermentação de açúcares e outras propriedades bioquímicas em comparação com a experiência tradicional. A correlação obtida entre a experiência em microplaca e o método convencional foi superior ao 90%. A preparação das microplacas com os diferentes reativos podem ser conservadas sob condições de refrigeração durante 30 dias antes de seu emprego. A microtécnica pode ser considerada como um método simples, rápido e econômico.